feat: strategie 1-10, framework analisi frattale, download dati storici BTC/ETH

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
This commit is contained in:
2026-05-27 00:55:13 +02:00
parent 49ee092c7f
commit 988739b2f5
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"""Backtesting engine with fee support and performance metrics."""
from __future__ import annotations
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from enum import Enum
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
class Side(Enum):
LONG = 1
SHORT = -1
@dataclass
class Trade:
entry_idx: int
exit_idx: int
side: Side
entry_price: float
exit_price: float
size: float
fee_pct: float
@property
def gross_pnl(self) -> float:
if self.side == Side.LONG:
return (self.exit_price - self.entry_price) * self.size
return (self.entry_price - self.exit_price) * self.size
@property
def fee(self) -> float:
return self.fee_pct * (self.entry_price + self.exit_price) * self.size
@property
def net_pnl(self) -> float:
return self.gross_pnl - self.fee
@property
def net_return(self) -> float:
cost = self.entry_price * self.size + self.fee_pct * self.entry_price * self.size
if cost == 0:
return 0.0
return self.net_pnl / cost
@dataclass
class BacktestResult:
trades: list[Trade]
initial_capital: float
final_capital: float
equity_curve: list[float]
@property
def total_trades(self) -> int:
return len(self.trades)
@property
def win_rate(self) -> float:
if not self.trades:
return 0.0
wins = sum(1 for t in self.trades if t.net_pnl > 0)
return wins / len(self.trades)
@property
def total_return(self) -> float:
if self.initial_capital == 0:
return 0.0
return (self.final_capital - self.initial_capital) / self.initial_capital
@property
def annualized_return(self) -> float:
if not self.trades or self.total_return <= -1:
return -1.0
days = (self.trades[-1].exit_idx - self.trades[0].entry_idx) / 24
if days <= 0:
return 0.0
years = days / 365.25
if years == 0:
return 0.0
return (1 + self.total_return) ** (1 / years) - 1
@property
def max_drawdown(self) -> float:
if not self.equity_curve:
return 0.0
peak = self.equity_curve[0]
max_dd = 0.0
for val in self.equity_curve:
if val > peak:
peak = val
dd = (peak - val) / peak if peak > 0 else 0
if dd > max_dd:
max_dd = dd
return max_dd
@property
def sharpe_ratio(self) -> float:
if len(self.equity_curve) < 2:
return 0.0
eq = np.array(self.equity_curve)
returns = np.diff(eq) / eq[:-1]
returns = returns[np.isfinite(returns)]
if len(returns) == 0 or np.std(returns) == 0:
return 0.0
return float(np.mean(returns) / np.std(returns) * np.sqrt(252 * 24))
@property
def profit_factor(self) -> float:
gross_wins = sum(t.net_pnl for t in self.trades if t.net_pnl > 0)
gross_losses = abs(sum(t.net_pnl for t in self.trades if t.net_pnl < 0))
if gross_losses == 0:
return float("inf") if gross_wins > 0 else 0.0
return gross_wins / gross_losses
def summary(self) -> dict:
return {
"total_trades": self.total_trades,
"win_rate": round(self.win_rate * 100, 1),
"total_return_pct": round(self.total_return * 100, 1),
"annualized_return_pct": round(self.annualized_return * 100, 1),
"max_drawdown_pct": round(self.max_drawdown * 100, 1),
"sharpe_ratio": round(self.sharpe_ratio, 2),
"profit_factor": round(self.profit_factor, 2),
"initial_capital": self.initial_capital,
"final_capital": round(self.final_capital, 2),
}
def run_backtest(
df: pd.DataFrame,
signals: pd.Series,
initial_capital: float = 1000.0,
fee_pct: float = 0.001,
position_size_pct: float = 1.0,
max_hold_candles: int = 24,
) -> BacktestResult:
"""Run backtest on signals.
signals: Series with same index as df.
+1 = go long, -1 = go short, 0 = no signal
"""
capital = initial_capital
trades: list[Trade] = []
equity_curve: list[float] = [capital]
in_position = False
entry_idx = 0
entry_price = 0.0
current_side = Side.LONG
size = 0.0
for i in range(len(df)):
sig = signals.iloc[i] if i < len(signals) else 0
if in_position:
hold_time = i - entry_idx
exit_price = df["close"].iloc[i]
should_exit = (
hold_time >= max_hold_candles
or (current_side == Side.LONG and sig == -1)
or (current_side == Side.SHORT and sig == 1)
)
if should_exit:
trade = Trade(
entry_idx=entry_idx,
exit_idx=i,
side=current_side,
entry_price=entry_price,
exit_price=exit_price,
size=size,
fee_pct=fee_pct,
)
capital += trade.net_pnl
trades.append(trade)
in_position = False
if not in_position and sig != 0 and capital > 0:
entry_idx = i
entry_price = df["close"].iloc[i]
current_side = Side.LONG if sig > 0 else Side.SHORT
alloc = capital * position_size_pct
size = alloc / entry_price
in_position = True
equity_curve.append(capital)
if in_position:
exit_price = df["close"].iloc[-1]
trade = Trade(
entry_idx=entry_idx,
exit_idx=len(df) - 1,
side=current_side,
entry_price=entry_price,
exit_price=exit_price,
size=size,
fee_pct=fee_pct,
)
capital += trade.net_pnl
trades.append(trade)
equity_curve.append(capital)
return BacktestResult(
trades=trades,
initial_capital=initial_capital,
final_capital=capital,
equity_curve=equity_curve,
)
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"""Download historical OHLCV data. Primary: Cerbero MCP. Fallback: Binance/ccxt."""
from __future__ import annotations
import time
from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
from pathlib import Path
import pandas as pd
import requests
from tqdm import tqdm
DATA_DIR = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2] / "data" / "raw"
CERBERO_URL = "https://cerbero-mcp.tielogic.xyz"
CERBERO_TOKEN = "_hm0FkyC67P9OXJTy7R9SE2lfhGz_Wa6i89KqH_uXrk"
CERBERO_HEADERS = {
"Authorization": f"Bearer {CERBERO_TOKEN}",
"X-Bot-Tag": "pythagoras-downloader",
"Content-Type": "application/json",
}
ASSETS = {
"BTC": {
"deribit": {"instrument": "BTC-PERPETUAL", "start": "2018-09-01"},
"binance_symbol": "BTC/USDT",
"binance_start": "2018-01-01",
},
"ETH": {
"deribit": {"instrument": "ETH-PERPETUAL", "start": "2019-06-01"},
"binance_symbol": "ETH/USDT",
"binance_start": "2018-01-01",
},
}
TIMEFRAMES = ["1m", "5m", "15m", "1h"]
DERIBIT_RESOLUTION = {"1m": "1", "5m": "5", "15m": "15", "1h": "60"}
TF_SECONDS = {"1m": 60, "5m": 300, "15m": 900, "1h": 3600}
MAX_DAYS_PER_REQUEST = {"1m": 1, "5m": 5, "15m": 15, "1h": 30}
def _parquet_path(asset: str, tf: str) -> Path:
return DATA_DIR / f"{asset.lower()}_{tf}.parquet"
def _fetch_deribit(instrument: str, resolution: str, start: str, end: str) -> list[dict]:
resp = requests.post(
f"{CERBERO_URL}/mcp-deribit/tools/get_historical",
headers=CERBERO_HEADERS,
json={
"instrument": instrument,
"start_date": start,
"end_date": end,
"resolution": resolution,
},
timeout=30,
)
resp.raise_for_status()
data = resp.json()
return data.get("candles", [])
def _fetch_binance(symbol: str, tf: str, since_ms: int, limit: int = 1000) -> list[list]:
import ccxt
exchange = ccxt.binance({"enableRateLimit": True, "options": {"defaultType": "spot"}})
return exchange.fetch_ohlcv(symbol, tf, since=since_ms, limit=limit)
def _download_cerbero_range(
instrument: str, resolution: str, tf: str, start_date: str, end_date: str
) -> pd.DataFrame:
all_candles: list[dict] = []
max_days = MAX_DAYS_PER_REQUEST[tf]
current = datetime.fromisoformat(start_date)
end = datetime.fromisoformat(end_date)
pbar = tqdm(
total=(end - current).days,
desc=f" Cerbero {instrument} {tf}",
unit="days",
)
while current < end:
chunk_end = min(current + timedelta(days=max_days), end)
start_str = current.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
end_str = chunk_end.strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
for attempt in range(3):
try:
candles = _fetch_deribit(instrument, resolution, start_str, end_str)
all_candles.extend(candles)
break
except Exception as e:
if attempt == 2:
print(f" SKIP {start_str}{end_str}: {e}")
time.sleep(2 ** attempt)
pbar.update(max_days)
current = chunk_end
pbar.close()
if not all_candles:
return pd.DataFrame()
df = pd.DataFrame(all_candles)
df = df.rename(columns={"timestamp": "timestamp"})
df["timestamp"] = df["timestamp"].astype("int64")
return df.drop_duplicates(subset="timestamp").sort_values("timestamp").reset_index(drop=True)
def _download_binance_range(
symbol: str, tf: str, start_date: str, end_date: str
) -> pd.DataFrame:
import ccxt
exchange = ccxt.binance({
"enableRateLimit": True,
"timeout": 30000,
"options": {"defaultType": "spot", "adjustForTimeDifference": True},
})
exchange.load_markets()
start_ms = int(datetime.fromisoformat(start_date).replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc).timestamp() * 1000)
end_ms = int(datetime.fromisoformat(end_date).replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc).timestamp() * 1000)
tf_ms = TF_SECONDS[tf] * 1000
all_rows: list[list] = []
pbar = tqdm(desc=f" Binance {symbol} {tf}", unit=" candles")
since = start_ms
while since < end_ms:
for attempt in range(3):
try:
ohlcv = exchange.fetch_ohlcv(symbol, tf, since=since, limit=1000)
break
except ccxt.RateLimitExceeded:
time.sleep(10)
ohlcv = []
except Exception as e:
if attempt == 2:
print(f" ERR: {e}")
time.sleep(2 ** attempt)
ohlcv = []
if not ohlcv:
break
filtered = [c for c in ohlcv if c[0] < end_ms]
all_rows.extend(filtered)
pbar.update(len(filtered))
since = ohlcv[-1][0] + tf_ms
if len(ohlcv) < 1000 or ohlcv[-1][0] >= end_ms:
break
pbar.close()
if not all_rows:
return pd.DataFrame()
cols = ["timestamp", "open", "high", "low", "close", "volume"]
df = pd.DataFrame(all_rows, columns=cols)
df["timestamp"] = df["timestamp"].astype("int64")
return df.drop_duplicates(subset="timestamp").sort_values("timestamp").reset_index(drop=True)
def download_asset(asset: str, tf: str) -> pd.DataFrame:
path = _parquet_path(asset, tf)
info = ASSETS[asset]
today = datetime.now(timezone.utc).strftime("%Y-%m-%d")
resolution = DERIBIT_RESOLUTION[tf]
parts: list[pd.DataFrame] = []
binance_start = info["binance_start"]
deribit_start = info["deribit"]["start"]
if binance_start < deribit_start:
print(f"\n Fase 1: Binance {binance_start}{deribit_start}")
df_binance = _download_binance_range(
info["binance_symbol"], tf, binance_start, deribit_start
)
if not df_binance.empty:
parts.append(df_binance)
print(f"\n Fase 2: Cerbero/Deribit {deribit_start}{today}")
df_deribit = _download_cerbero_range(
info["deribit"]["instrument"], resolution, tf, deribit_start, today
)
if not df_deribit.empty:
parts.append(df_deribit)
if not parts:
print(f" VUOTO: {asset} {tf}")
return pd.DataFrame()
df = pd.concat(parts).drop_duplicates(subset="timestamp").sort_values("timestamp").reset_index(drop=True)
path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
df.to_parquet(path, index=False)
first = datetime.fromtimestamp(df["timestamp"].iloc[0] / 1000, tz=timezone.utc)
last = datetime.fromtimestamp(df["timestamp"].iloc[-1] / 1000, tz=timezone.utc)
print(f"{path.name}: {len(df)} candele [{first.date()}{last.date()}]")
return df
def download_all() -> dict[str, dict[str, pd.DataFrame]]:
result: dict[str, dict[str, pd.DataFrame]] = {}
for asset in ASSETS:
print(f"\n{'='*60}")
print(f" {asset}")
print(f"{'='*60}")
result[asset] = {}
for tf in TIMEFRAMES:
result[asset][tf] = download_asset(asset, tf)
return result
def load_data(asset: str = "BTC", tf: str = "1h") -> pd.DataFrame:
path = _parquet_path(asset, tf)
if not path.exists():
raise FileNotFoundError(f"Dati non trovati: {path}. Esegui download_all().")
df = pd.read_parquet(path)
df["datetime"] = pd.to_datetime(df["timestamp"], unit="ms", utc=True)
return df
def data_summary() -> pd.DataFrame:
rows = []
for asset in ASSETS:
for tf in TIMEFRAMES:
path = _parquet_path(asset, tf)
if path.exists():
df = pd.read_parquet(path)
first = datetime.fromtimestamp(df["timestamp"].iloc[0] / 1000, tz=timezone.utc)
last = datetime.fromtimestamp(df["timestamp"].iloc[-1] / 1000, tz=timezone.utc)
rows.append({
"asset": asset,
"tf": tf,
"candles": len(df),
"from": first.date(),
"to": last.date(),
"size_mb": round(path.stat().st_size / 1024 / 1024, 1),
})
return pd.DataFrame(rows)
if __name__ == "__main__":
download_all()
print("\n" + "=" * 60)
print(data_summary().to_string(index=False))
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"""Fractal indicators: Hurst exponent, fractal dimension, self-similarity."""
from __future__ import annotations
import numpy as np
from scipy.stats import linregress
def hurst_exponent(series: np.ndarray, max_lag: int | None = None) -> float:
"""Compute Hurst exponent via R/S analysis.
H > 0.5: trending (persistent), H < 0.5: mean-reverting, H ≈ 0.5: random walk.
"""
n = len(series)
if n < 20:
return 0.5
if max_lag is None:
max_lag = min(n // 4, 100)
lags = range(10, max_lag + 1)
rs_values = []
lag_values = []
for lag in lags:
rs_list = []
for start in range(0, n - lag, lag):
chunk = series[start : start + lag]
if len(chunk) < lag:
continue
mean = np.mean(chunk)
deviations = np.cumsum(chunk - mean)
r = np.max(deviations) - np.min(deviations)
s = np.std(chunk, ddof=1)
if s > 0:
rs_list.append(r / s)
if rs_list:
rs_values.append(np.mean(rs_list))
lag_values.append(lag)
if len(lag_values) < 3:
return 0.5
log_lags = np.log(lag_values)
log_rs = np.log(rs_values)
slope, _, _, _, _ = linregress(log_lags, log_rs)
return float(np.clip(slope, 0, 1))
def rolling_hurst(close: np.ndarray, window: int = 100, step: int = 1) -> np.ndarray:
"""Compute rolling Hurst exponent."""
n = len(close)
result = np.full(n, 0.5)
returns = np.diff(np.log(np.where(close == 0, 1e-10, close)))
for i in range(window, n, step):
h = hurst_exponent(returns[i - window : i])
result[i] = h
for j in range(1, min(step, n - i)):
result[i + j] = h
return result
def fractal_dimension_higuchi(series: np.ndarray, k_max: int = 10) -> float:
"""Higuchi fractal dimension of a time series."""
n = len(series)
if n < k_max * 2:
return 1.5
lk = []
x = np.arange(1, k_max + 1)
for k in range(1, k_max + 1):
lm_list = []
for m in range(1, k + 1):
indices = np.arange(m - 1, n, k)
if len(indices) < 2:
continue
vals = series[indices]
length = np.sum(np.abs(np.diff(vals)))
norm = (n - 1) / (k * ((n - m) // k) * k)
lm_list.append(length * norm)
if lm_list:
lk.append(np.mean(lm_list))
if len(lk) < 3:
return 1.5
log_k = np.log(1.0 / x[: len(lk)])
log_lk = np.log(np.array(lk))
slope, _, _, _, _ = linregress(log_k, log_lk)
return float(np.clip(slope, 1.0, 2.0))
def self_similarity_score(close: np.ndarray, window: int, scales: list[int] | None = None) -> float:
"""Measure self-similarity across multiple time scales.
Higher score = more fractal (self-similar) structure.
"""
if scales is None:
scales = [2, 3, 4, 6]
if len(close) < window:
return 0.0
base = close[-window:]
base_returns = np.diff(np.log(np.where(base == 0, 1e-10, base)))
if np.std(base_returns) == 0:
return 0.0
similarities = []
for scale in scales:
scaled_window = window * scale
if scaled_window > len(close):
continue
scaled = close[-scaled_window:]
step = scale
downsampled = scaled[::step][:window]
if len(downsampled) != len(base):
downsampled = np.interp(
np.linspace(0, 1, window),
np.linspace(0, 1, len(downsampled)),
downsampled,
)
ds_returns = np.diff(np.log(np.where(downsampled == 0, 1e-10, downsampled)))
if len(ds_returns) != len(base_returns):
ds_returns = np.interp(
np.linspace(0, 1, len(base_returns)),
np.linspace(0, 1, len(ds_returns)),
ds_returns,
)
std_ds = np.std(ds_returns)
if std_ds == 0:
continue
corr = np.corrcoef(base_returns, ds_returns)[0, 1]
if np.isfinite(corr):
similarities.append(abs(corr))
if not similarities:
return 0.0
return float(np.mean(similarities))
def volatility_ratio(close: np.ndarray, fast: int = 12, slow: int = 48) -> float:
"""Ratio of short-term to long-term volatility."""
returns = np.diff(np.log(np.where(close == 0, 1e-10, close)))
if len(returns) < slow:
return 1.0
fast_vol = np.std(returns[-fast:])
slow_vol = np.std(returns[-slow:])
if slow_vol == 0:
return 1.0
return float(fast_vol / slow_vol)
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"""Fractal pattern detection and encoding for candlestick sequences."""
from __future__ import annotations
from dataclasses import dataclass
from enum import IntEnum
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
class CandleType(IntEnum):
DOWN = -1
DOJI = 0
UP = 1
@dataclass
class FractalPattern:
sequence: tuple[CandleType, ...]
start_idx: int
end_idx: int
body_ratios: tuple[float, ...]
shadow_ratios: tuple[float, ...]
@property
def length(self) -> int:
return len(self.sequence)
@property
def code(self) -> str:
m = {CandleType.DOWN: "D", CandleType.DOJI: "0", CandleType.UP: "U"}
return "".join(m[c] for c in self.sequence)
def __hash__(self) -> int:
return hash(self.sequence)
def classify_candle(open_: float, close: float, high: float, low: float, doji_threshold: float = 0.1) -> CandleType:
body = abs(close - open_)
total_range = high - low
if total_range == 0:
return CandleType.DOJI
ratio = body / total_range
if ratio < doji_threshold:
return CandleType.DOJI
return CandleType.UP if close > open_ else CandleType.DOWN
def encode_candles(df: pd.DataFrame, doji_threshold: float = 0.1) -> np.ndarray:
types = np.zeros(len(df), dtype=np.int8)
body = np.abs(df["close"].values - df["open"].values)
total = df["high"].values - df["low"].values
total = np.where(total == 0, 1e-10, total)
ratio = body / total
types[ratio < doji_threshold] = CandleType.DOJI
bullish = (ratio >= doji_threshold) & (df["close"].values > df["open"].values)
bearish = (ratio >= doji_threshold) & (df["close"].values <= df["open"].values)
types[bullish] = CandleType.UP
types[bearish] = CandleType.DOWN
return types
def extract_body_ratios(df: pd.DataFrame) -> np.ndarray:
body = np.abs(df["close"].values - df["open"].values)
total = df["high"].values - df["low"].values
total = np.where(total == 0, 1e-10, total)
return body / total
def extract_shadow_ratios(df: pd.DataFrame) -> np.ndarray:
o, c, h, l = df["open"].values, df["close"].values, df["high"].values, df["low"].values
upper_shadow = h - np.maximum(o, c)
lower_shadow = np.minimum(o, c) - l
total = h - l
total = np.where(total == 0, 1e-10, total)
return (upper_shadow - lower_shadow) / total
def find_patterns(df: pd.DataFrame, min_len: int = 3, max_len: int = 6, doji_threshold: float = 0.1) -> list[FractalPattern]:
candle_types = encode_candles(df, doji_threshold)
body_ratios = extract_body_ratios(df)
shadow_ratios = extract_shadow_ratios(df)
patterns: list[FractalPattern] = []
for length in range(min_len, max_len + 1):
for i in range(len(df) - length):
seq = tuple(CandleType(t) for t in candle_types[i : i + length])
br = tuple(body_ratios[i : i + length])
sr = tuple(shadow_ratios[i : i + length])
patterns.append(FractalPattern(
sequence=seq,
start_idx=i,
end_idx=i + length,
body_ratios=br,
shadow_ratios=sr,
))
return patterns
def pattern_frequency(patterns: list[FractalPattern]) -> pd.DataFrame:
from collections import Counter
codes = [p.code for p in patterns]
counts = Counter(codes)
total = len(codes)
rows = [
{"pattern": code, "count": cnt, "freq": cnt / total, "length": len(code)}
for code, cnt in counts.most_common()
]
return pd.DataFrame(rows)
def normalize_pattern_window(df: pd.DataFrame, start: int, end: int) -> np.ndarray:
"""Normalize OHLC window to [0,1] range for comparison."""
window = df.iloc[start:end][["open", "high", "low", "close"]].values
mn = window.min()
mx = window.max()
if mx - mn == 0:
return np.zeros_like(window)
return (window - mn) / (mx - mn)
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"""Fractal similarity measures: DTW, Hausdorff, correlation-based."""
from __future__ import annotations
import numpy as np
from scipy.spatial.distance import directed_hausdorff
from scipy.signal import correlate
def dtw_distance(s1: np.ndarray, s2: np.ndarray) -> float:
"""Dynamic Time Warping distance between two 1D sequences."""
n, m = len(s1), len(s2)
dtw = np.full((n + 1, m + 1), np.inf)
dtw[0, 0] = 0.0
for i in range(1, n + 1):
for j in range(1, m + 1):
cost = abs(s1[i - 1] - s2[j - 1])
dtw[i, j] = cost + min(dtw[i - 1, j], dtw[i, j - 1], dtw[i - 1, j - 1])
return dtw[n, m]
def hausdorff_distance(s1: np.ndarray, s2: np.ndarray) -> float:
"""Hausdorff distance between two OHLC windows (shape Nx4)."""
if s1.ndim == 1:
s1 = s1.reshape(-1, 1)
if s2.ndim == 1:
s2 = s2.reshape(-1, 1)
d1 = directed_hausdorff(s1, s2)[0]
d2 = directed_hausdorff(s2, s1)[0]
return max(d1, d2)
def cross_correlation(s1: np.ndarray, s2: np.ndarray) -> float:
"""Max normalized cross-correlation between two 1D sequences."""
if len(s1) == 0 or len(s2) == 0:
return 0.0
s1_norm = (s1 - np.mean(s1))
s2_norm = (s2 - np.mean(s2))
std1, std2 = np.std(s1), np.std(s2)
if std1 == 0 or std2 == 0:
return 0.0
corr = correlate(s1_norm, s2_norm, mode="full")
corr /= (std1 * std2 * len(s1))
return float(np.max(np.abs(corr)))
def cosine_similarity(v1: np.ndarray, v2: np.ndarray) -> float:
"""Cosine similarity between two feature vectors."""
dot = np.dot(v1, v2)
n1, n2 = np.linalg.norm(v1), np.linalg.norm(v2)
if n1 == 0 or n2 == 0:
return 0.0
return float(dot / (n1 * n2))
def pattern_feature_vector(ohlc_window: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
"""Extract compact feature vector from normalized OHLC window.
Features: body ratios, shadow ratios, close-to-close returns,
volatility, trend.
"""
o, h, l, c = ohlc_window[:, 0], ohlc_window[:, 1], ohlc_window[:, 2], ohlc_window[:, 3]
total = h - l
total = np.where(total == 0, 1e-10, total)
body = np.abs(c - o) / total
upper_shadow = (h - np.maximum(o, c)) / total
lower_shadow = (np.minimum(o, c) - l) / total
returns = np.diff(c) / np.where(c[:-1] == 0, 1e-10, c[:-1])
features = np.concatenate([
body,
upper_shadow,
lower_shadow,
returns,
[np.std(returns) if len(returns) > 0 else 0],
[c[-1] - c[0]],
])
return features
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